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North Korea Tourist Attractions

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Events in Vilnius 2011

Vilnius Tourist Information Centre & Convention Bureau has launched new Events in Vilnius and Environs 2011 (Calendar) where brief information on main cultural and sports events is presented.

Colourful Calendar is very easy to use as events are listed by months. Being small pocket calendar it has a hanging on the wall option.

Festive Vilnius Tours

In 1994, the Old Town of Vilnius was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The largest Old Town in Eastern Europe is architecturally the richest part of Vilnius. Almost every style of architecture can be found: from Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Classicism to Post-Modernism. Take part in the walking tour, feel the unique atmosphere of the historic Old Town and discover the places to which you would like to come back again.

During the tour you will visit: the Cathedral square, a monument to Grand Duke Gediminas, Royal Palace, Presidential Palace, Vilnius University, St. Anne‘s Church and Bernardines, Town Hall and Town Hall square, St. Casimir‘s Church, Basilian Gates, Orthodox Church of the Holy Spirit, St. Theresa‘s Church, The Gate of Dawn.

Oldest Christmas Tree Decoration at Riga Museum

Five hundred years ago some members of the Blackheads’ Society chose the tallest fir tree in the forest to publicly burn it and bring cheer to Rigaens. While they were looking for the best place for a huge campfire, local children found the tree and decorated it. Suprrised at the magnificent transformation, the Blackheads decided to lift the tree up on Town Hall Square. Now the memorial plaque is set up here and a new Christmas tree decorated every year.

Seven years ago a greyish glass ball with a metal hook, which Rigans used to decorate Christmas trees with 250 years ago, was found during archeological excavations in Old Town Rīga.

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Dubai Travel Tips

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North Korea Travel Advice

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Any Trained Body Emerges Above a Wonder.

Indonesia is a country very rich in culture, various kinds of art found there, such as dance, masks, puppets, to the artistry that relies on strength of body and a bit of magic like the whistle and reog ponorogo.

Debus is a martial art from Banten. This art was created in the 16th century, in the reign of Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin (1532-1570).
Debus, an art which demonstrates the remarkable human ability, immune to sharp weapons, fire resistant, hard drinking water, insert objects into a whole coconut, fry an egg on the head and others.

Reog is a traditional Indonesian dance form. There are many types of Reogs in Indonesia, but the most famous one is Reog Ponorogo. reog players should be able to lift the mask reog weighing up to 50kg using only his teeth. and the other players are required to escort dancer performing acrobatics as reog.

Two art should only be done by the players who are trained, because a very large risk to be covered if something goes wrong. this is what is meant by Any Trained Body Emerges Above a Wonder.

Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (Beautiful Indonesia Miniature Park)

Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII) or "Beautiful Indonesia Miniature Park" (literal translation) is a recreational area for culture in East Jakarta, Indonesia. It covers about 250 hectares. The park is a summary of the Indonesian culture, with nearly all aspects of daily life in Indonesia, 26 (1975) provinces in separate pavilions with the collections of architecture, clothing, dances and traditions represented encapsulated all working fine.
Apart from that, there is a miniature lake with an island in the middle, the cable cars, museums, theater called Theater "My Homeland (Tanah Airku theater) and other recreational facilities that the TMII One of the most popular tourist destinations in the city.

Since every Indonesian province has its own culture and distinct, shelter, clothing and dialects TMII a model built from every house in the provinces of Indonesia. TMII not simply an attempt to rebuild houses in different provinces, but it is a realistic model of the environment and protect the diversity of people in Indonesia. The room to located the large lake in a similar manner on several islands of the Indonesian archipelago, are thematically divided into six zones in relation to the main islands of Indonesia, Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan (Borneo), Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands Moluccas, and Papua.

From 1975 to 2000, is the original design TMII a model home of the 27 provinces of Indonesia, East Timor. But after the secession of East Timor from Indonesia in 2002, the flag of East Timor's status to the Museum of East Timor has to be changed. From Indonesia now consist of 33 provinces, now Bangka Belitung province relocate the flag, Banten, West Sulawesi, North Maluku, Gorontalo and West Papua under construction in the northern part of Park

Following the recognition of Chinese culture in Indonesia as part of the culture of Indonesia in 2000, the new Indonesian flag and a Chinese Confucius Temple is built in the park.

The religious buildings of different faiths agent should show tolerance between religions and religious harmony in Indonesia. Religious buildings are:

    * Pangeran Diponegoro Mosque
    * Santa Catharina Catholic Church
    * Halelu Evangelical Church
    * Penataran Kertabhumi Hindu Temple Bali Agung
    * Arya Buddhist temple Dwipa Arama
    * Sasana Nyawo Samber Adirasa Pangeran
    * Temple of Confucius (under construction)

There are about ten gardens within TMII complex distributed, but most are mainly in the north and northeast of the main lake:

    * Orchid Garden
    * Herbs Vegetables
    * Cactus Garden
    * Garden of jasmine
    * Keong EMAS (Golden Snail) Flower Garden
    * Freshwater Aquarium
    * Bekisar (a type of valve) Services
    * Bird Park
    * Taman Ria Park Atmaja, theater and music
    * Taman Budaya Tionghoa Indonesia, an Indonesian Chinese Cultural Park (under construction)

Fourteen museums in TMII:

    * Museum of Indonesia
    * Purna Bhakti Pertiwi Museum
    * Soldier's Museum
    * Museum of Indonesia Stamps
    * Pusaka (inheritance) Museum
    * Museum of Transport
    * Museum of Electricity and Energy New
    * Telecommunications Museum
    * Penerangan Museum
    * Sports Museum
    * Asmat Museum
    * Zoological Museum and Reptile Park Komodo
    * Insect Museum
    * Research Center for technology and computer science
    * Oil & Gas Museum
    * The Museum for East Timor (former flag of the province of East Timor)

And many other Vanua Keong more space than the big theaters, attractions, leisure facilities and a replica of the Indonesian traditional house.

Wallacea Fauna

The Wallacea biogeographical zone represents the transition between the Sundaland in the west and the Australasian region to the east. This area includes approximately 338 494 square kilometers, divided into several small islands in total. Because of its geography, diverse and from this region include many endemic species and unique flora and fauna in a number of different ecological regions, mountains and plains of Sulawesi, North Maluku, divided Buru Seram in the Moluccas and the Sunda Islands (Sumba an ecoregion in his own right), Timor and the islands in the Banda Sea.


Mammals

The Wallacea has a total of 223 species of native mammals. 126 of them are endemic to this region. An astonishing 124 species of bats in this area. Sulawesi, the largest island in this area has the largest number of mammals. 136 species to be exact, including 82 species and a quarter of the genera are endemic. notable species such as anoa babirusa and live on this island. At least seven species of monkeys, and at least five species of tarsier are also unique to this island.

Birds

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650 bird species can be found in Wallacea, including 265 species are endemic. Among the 235 species represented, 26 of them endemic. 16 genera are restricted to Sulawesi and surrounding islands. Approximately 356 species including 96 endemic bird species live on the island of Sulawesi. The first is the Maleo, a bird now threatened, as are full in the Wallacea.

Reptiles and Amphibians

With 222 species, of which 99 are endemic to Wallacea has a high diversity of reptiles. These include 118 species of lizards, of which 60 are endemic, 98 species of snakes, of which 37 are endemic, and five species of turtles, two of which are endemic, and a kind of crocodile, alligator Pacific Indus. Three genera endemic snake found only in this region: Calamorhabdium and Rabdion Cyclotyphlops. One of the most famous reptile Wallacea is probably the Komodo dragon, which is known only from the islands of Komodo, Padar, Rinca and the western tip of Flores.

58 native amphibian species in Wallacea, of which 32 are endemic. They are a fascinating blend of Indo-Malaya and Australasia frog tag.

Fish

There are about 310 species of fish in rivers and lakes Wallacea recorded, 75 species are endemic. Although little is known about the fish in the Moluccas and the Sunda Islands, 6 species are recorded as endemic. In Sulawesi, there are 69 known species of which 53 are endemic. Malili lakes in the south of Sulawesi, with its complex telmatherinid deep lakes, streams and rivers, at least 15 endemic fish, what two of them endemic genera, three endemic latipes, endemic two laces and seven endemic gobies.

Invertebrates

There are about 82 species of butterfly wings of a bird in Wallacea included are 44 of them endemic. 109 species of beetles Tigers also recorded in this region, 79 are endemic. One of the most striking is probably the largest in the world of bees in North Maluku, an error, in which women reach up to four inches long. This species nests of bees inhabited community in the termite in the trees in lowland forests.

About 50 endemic mollusks, three species of endemic crayfish, and a number of endemic species of shrimp are also known in the Wallacea.

Sundaland Fauna

These include Sumatra, Java, Borneo and the surrounding smaller islands, they share similar characteristics to the Asian fauna. During the ice age, Laurasia after the break, the main Asian continent has brought to the Indonesian archipelago name.
On the other hand, a decrease in sea level in Asia has allowed animals to migrate Sundaland. Consequently, there are larger species such as tigers, rhinos, orang-utans, elephants and leopards in this region, although some species are considered endangered. The Makassar Strait between Borneo and Sulawesi and Lombok Strait between Bali and Lombok, which is the line separator Wallace, marks the end of the Sundaland region.

Mammals

Sundaland has a total of 381 species of mammals. 173 of them are endemic to this region. Most of these species are threatened with extinction. Two species of orang-utan, Pongo pygmaeus are (orangutan of Borneo) and Pongo abelii (Sumatran orangutan) listed in the IUCN Red List. Other mammals such as the proboscis monkeys of Borneo, Sumatra and Java rhinoceros rhinoceros are known to extinction.

Birds

According to Conservation International, a total of 771 bird species regularly in Sundaland. 146 of them are endemic to this region. Java and Bali, at least 20 endemic species such as the Star of Bali and Java plover.

Reptiles and Amphibians

An astonishing 449 species in 125 kinds of reptiles is estimated to live in Sundaland. 24 genera and 249 species are endemic. Three families of reptiles are endemic to this region: Anomochilidae and Xenophidiidae Lanthanotidae, the latter of the Borneo earless monitor, a very rare and little known lizard represented. About 242 species in 41 genera of amphibians live in this region. 172 species of them, including six endemic genera Ceciliano.

Fish

Nearly 200 new species are discovered in the last ten years in this region. About 1,000 species of fish are known to live in rivers, lakes and swamps Sundaland. Borneo has about 430 species, 164 of them endemic. Sumatra has 270 species, of which 42 are endemic. The known gold arowana is one of the best examples of fish in this region.

Labuan Bajo, Hunting Comodo's Picture & Great Dive Spot

Labuan Bajo is a fishing town located on the western coast of Flores in the Nusa Tenggara region of Indonesia. Labuan Bajo, also spelled Labuhanbajo, is a city at the tip of Flores Island in Indonesia. It is the launching point for trips to Komodo Island and Rinca Island to see Komodo dragons and the surrounding sea is idealic for diving and snorkeling.
Nearby Seraya Island is a great opportunity to do some diving and snorkeling and every evening at Kalong Island thousands of flying fox bats put on an amazing display.

Perama tour   Hunting Komod by camera trip, it a trip started from Lombok, it leaves every six day from lombok and also the other way around. with price for cabin is around Rp.2,600,000 or you can choose a deck class for Rp.2,000,000 where you get to sleep with a thin carpet, it is not really an open water because it coasting along the coastal line and most importantly it has the navigation and safety equipment. It takes you to visit some spots along the way to Labuan Bajo and Komodo.

Komodo National Park encompasses a lot of water and islands west of Labuanbajo. If you want to go to Rinca or Komodo islands, or dive in the park you will have to buy a 3 day park pass for US$15. Money from such user fees goes into conservation efforts.

One of the more spectacular displays of nature in the area is at Kalong Island (Indonesian: Pulau Kalong; also spelt Kalung), which literally means "Flying Fox Island." The name is quit appropriate as the island is home to thousands of Kalong, or giant flying fox bats. Boats to Kalong can be chartered from Labuanbajo for around $30 for a return ride, including a snorkeling stop at a nearby island before you reach Pulau Kalong. Your boat will situate itself next to the mangrove island and at dusk literally tens of thousands of flying foxes emerge from the mangrove island and move over your boat towards Rinca Island. For the entire colony to emerge will take roughly twenty minutes of continuous waves of bats passing over your boat. The boat ride to/from Labuanbajo will take roughly one hour.

Kanawa Island (Indonesian: Pulau Kanawa) is considered as one of south east Asia's most idyllic islands, fully surrounded by spectacular reef with thousands of fish species, turtles, corals and reef sharks, sometimes it is possible to see some mantas just around the arrival jetty. Kanawa island is just 10 km away from Labuan Bajo (about 1hr with a local boat or 10 minutes with speed boat) and located just at the boarders of Komodo National Park.

Seraya Island  (Indonesian: Seraya Kecil or Seraya Pulau) is an idyllic island and a great opportunity to get away from civilization and do some snorkeling and diving. Seraya is little more than a small, arid island outside of the Komodo National Park with a few bamboo huts for tourist lodging, a restaurant, and some villagers who let their goats graze on vegetation. The island’s cove is protected from the sea providing calm and clear water for snorkeling. At low tide the coral is exposed and local fishermen walk on the reef in search of prey. Rowboats can be rented and taken to nearby islands for snorkeling and diving.

Rinca Island  (Indonesian: Rinca Kecil or Rinca Pulau) is a more convenient place to see Komodo Dragons than Komodo island. Some dive operators might be convinced to combine a stop at the island with a days diving. There are big dragons that are often right in front of the pier when people arrive.

Scuba Diving within the park is excellent, probably one of the best in the world. Mostly because of higher biodiversity than any elsewhere in the world. There are three main dive operators that offer day dives as well as live aboard opportunities: Bajo Dive Club, Dive Komodo, and Reef Seekers. Be aware that the currents at some sites can be quite strong.

Bedugul, Bali's Mountain and Lake Views

Bedugul is a mountain lake resort area in Bali, Indonesia, located in the centre-north region of the island near Lake Bratan on the road between Singaraja and Denpasar. Bedugul is located at 48 kilometres (30 mi) north of the city of Denpasar. Other nearby lakes are Lake Buyan, and Lake Tamblingan.

Bedugul is located about 50 km north of Denpasar on a main route from South Bali to North Bali. The area is served by regular bemos which depart from Batubulan terminal in Denpasar in the south, and from Singaraja in the north. The Perama bus company has a local office in central Bedugul at the Sari Artha Inn.

There you can see one of Indonesia's four official botanical gardens. Located in Candikuning. The entrance road is identified by the presence of a giant stone corn on the cob statue! From the information centre buy a copy of an excellent little pamphlet called Six Self Guided Walks in the Bali Botanical Gardens and set off on your way. The gardens are huge covering some 160 hectares and any visitor with an interest in plants and trees could easily spend a whole day here.

Jatiluwih, A startlingly beautiful area of verdant, terraced rice paddies nestled in the shadow of Mount Batukaru. Take your time and explore thoroughly. There are a number hikes thorough truly stunning terrain. When you have had your fill there a couple of cafes for refreshment and yet more views.

For some souvenir, you can buy in Bedugul (Bukit Mungsu) Traditional Market in Candikuning. Bedugul is the highland garden of Bali, producing lots of cool climate fruits and vegetables. In the market here you can find strawberries plus a myriad of tropical fruits, vegetables, corn and orchids. This is a great place to buy exotic spices, with mixed gift packs being especially popular. There is also an art section of the market with lots of handicrafts.

Sendang Gile, Wonderful Waterfall in Lombok Island

Sendang Gile waterfall located at Nort of Lombok. It take about 2 hours from Mataram. Sendang Gila waterfall is a waterfall  on the northern slope of Rinjani, near the village of Senaru , beautiful and stunning with the natural surrounding.
The local believe the water from the waterfall  has curative qualities. While it may be unclear just what kind of illness this water, can cure, the site, which sits hundreds meters above sea level offer more than just recreation The air is clean and cool, and far from the hustle and bustle and pollution. This trip will give you the chance to stop at places such as Lendang Bajur local market, Pusuk Monkey forest, Malimbu hill for photo taking. Lunch is served in box lunch or at local restaurant.

Tour to the Sendang Gile Waterfall with beautiful panorama, fresh and comfortable. The water of Sendang Gile Waterfall is coming from Rinjani mount by high of 500 meter, and than you can go to second Waterfall Tiu Kelep.

Sendang Gila waterfall (Sendang Gile),  which attracts many thousands of Indonesian and foreign visitors annually, is Mount Rinjani national park’s best known attraction. Located at about 600m above sea level, the waterfall  is an easy 20 minute walk down a graded trail and steps from Senaru Village, which is the main access to Mt. Rinjani National Park. A pleasant alternative return route winds along the edge of the steep valley, following the irrigation canal.

For the more adventurous, the “second waterfall” Tiu Kelep, is another hour’s walk upriver from Sendang Gila. The scramble over rocks through the tropical forest is rewarded by the beauty of the waterfall and a swim in its deep pool. It is said locally that every time you swim behind the main waterfall of Tiu Kelep you become a year younger! With access from the main road, the “third waterfall” Betara Lenjang is a true rainforest adventure strictly for rock climbers with local guide and equipment.

Palembang City, Beautiful City in Sumatra

The city was once the capital of the ancient, Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya that controlled a large part of what is now Malaysia and Indonesia. Following a 1025 raid by the Chola Empire (In the period of Emperor Rajendra Chola I) of southern India
it began to gradually decline in importance. Srivijaya's capital eventually moved northward to Jambi. Palembang is also the origin of Parameswara, founder of the Malacca Sultanate.



Palembangnese is a member of the Malay family, the people speak Malay as their language but with their own dialect and they called it Bahasa Palembang. Other people that are not native to Palembang but still came from South Sumatra usually blended their language with Bahasa Palembang, such as Bahasa Komering, Lahat, Rawas, etc. There are also people that came from outside South Sumatra. Most of them are Javanese, Chinese, Arab, Indian, Minangkabau, and Sundanese.



The city is served by Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Airport which has scheduled flights to many cities in Indonesia and also to Singapore by Silk Air and Malaysia by Air Asia. The latter destination being only recently offered by the airport since it has been upgraded to an international airport. This airport also serves other cities around South Sumatra Province.

The Boom Baru Harbor is the main harbor of Palembang, it is located and also connected Palembang with Bangka-Belitung Islands Province.

Borobudur, The Biggest Temple in the World

Borobudur is a ninth-century Mahayana Buddhist monument in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. The monument comprises six square platforms topped by three circular platforms, and is decorated with 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues. A main dome, located at the center of the top platform, is surrounded by 72 Buddha statues seated inside perforated stupa.

In Indonesian, ancient temples are known as candi; thus "Borobudur Temple" is locally known as Candi Borobudur. The term candi is also used more loosely to describe any ancient structure, for example gates and bathing structures. The origins of the name Borobudur however are unclear, although the original names of most ancient Indonesian temples are no longer known. The name Borobudur was first written in Sir Thomas Raffles' book on Javan history. Raffles wrote about a monument called borobudur, but there are no older documents suggesting the same name. The only old Javanese manuscript that hints at the monument as a holy Buddhist sanctuary is Nagarakretagama, written by Mpu Prapanca in 1365.

Approximately 40 kilometers (25 mi) northwest of Yogyakarta, Borobudur is located in an elevated area between two twin volcanoes, Sundoro-Sumbing and Merbabu-Merapi, and two rivers, the Progo and the Elo. According to local myth, the area known as Kedu Plain is a Javanese 'sacred' place and has been dubbed 'the garden of Java' due to its high agricultural fertility. Besides Borobudur, there are other Buddhist and Hindu temples in the area, including the Prambanan temples compound. During the restoration in the early 1900s, it was discovered that three Buddhist temples in the region, Borobudur, Pawon and Mendut, are lined in one straight line position. It might be accidental, but the temples' alignment is in conjunction with a native folk tale that a long time ago, there was a brick-paved road from Borobudur to Mendut with walls on both sides. The three temples (Borobudur–Pawon–Mendut) have similar architecture and ornamentation derived from the same time period, which suggests that ritual relationship between the three temples, in order to have formed a sacred unity, must have existed, although exact ritual process is yet unknown.

Borobudur is built as a single large stupa, and when viewed from above takes the form of a giant tantric Buddhist mandala, simultaneously representing the Buddhist cosmology and the nature of mind. The foundation is a square, approximately 118 meters (387 ft) on each side. It has nine platforms, of which the lower six are square and the upper three are circular. The upper platform features seventy-two small stupas surrounding one large central stupa. Each stupa is bell-shaped and pierced by numerous decorative openings. Statues of the Buddha sit inside the pierced enclosures.

The Origin of Indonesian Fauna (Wallace Line)

The origin of fauna in Indonesia is heavily affected by geographical and geological events on the Asian continental landmass and the Australasian continental landmass (now Australia).
The present Irian island (New Guinea) was connected with the present Australia continent. forming a supercontinent called the southern supercontinent Gondwana.

The influence of the Asian continental landmass, on the other hand, was the result of the reformation of the Laurasia supercontinent, which existed after the breakup of Rodinia around 1 billion years ago. Around 200 million years ago, the Laurasia supercontinent split completely, forming Laurentia (now America) and Eurasia continents.

In the nineteenth century, Alfred Russel Wallace proposed the idea of the Wallace Line, a notional line dividing the Indonesian archipelago into two regions, the Asian zoogeographical region (Sundaland) and the Australasian zoogeographical region (Wallacea). The line runs through the Malay Archipelago, between Borneo and Sulawesi and between Bali and Lombok.  A second line, lying east, known as the Webber Line, has also been proposed to separate between "transition species" and species of Australian origin. Although the distance from Bali to Lombok is relatively short, only about 35 kilometres, the fauna distribution is still affected by the line. For example, a group of birds would refuse to cross even the smallest stretches of open water.

Sundaland includes Sumatra, Java, Borneo  and the smaller surrounding islands, share similar characteristics with Asian fauna. During the ice age, after the Laurasia break up, the main Asian continent was connected with the Indonesian archipelago. Moreover, a low sea level enabled animals from the Asian mainland to migrate to Sundaland. As a result, large species such as tiger, rhinoceros, orangutan, elephant, and leopard exist in this region, although some species are categorised as endangered species. The Makassar Strait, between Borneo and Sulawesi, and the Lombok Strait, between Bali and Lombok, which is the Wallace Line separator, mark the end of the Sundaland region.

The Wallacea represents the biogeographical transitional zone between the Sundaland to the west and the Australasian  zone to the east. This zone covers of about 338 494 km² land area in total, divided in multiple small islands. Due to its distinct and varied geography this region contains many endemic and unique species of flora and fauna and has been divided into a number of distinct ecoregions; the mountain and lowland areas of Sulawesi, North Maluku, Buru and Seram in Maluku, the Lesser Sunda Islands (with Sumba a distinct ecoregion in its own right), Timor, and the islands in the Banda Sea.

The fauna from Papua region comprises a huge diversity of mammals, reptiles, birds, fishes, invertebrates and amphibians, many species of which are of Australasian origin. Ecoregions here include; the mountains of Bird's Head Peninsula West Papua, the lowlands of West Papua and Papua, the Biak Islands, Yapen  island, the lowlands of New Guinea's northern coast, the mountain ranges behind the northern coast, medium and high elevations of the New Guinea Highlands, the lowlands and the swamplands of the southern coast, and finally areas of mangrove swamp scattered around the coast.

Fauna of Indonesia

The Fauna of Indonesia consists of a high level of biodiversity due to its vast-size and tropical archipelago make-up. Indonesia divides into two ecological regions; western Indonesia is more influenced by Asian fauna, and the east is more influenced by Australasian. The Wallace Line—in fact, more an area known as Wallacea—notionally divides these two regions.
This unique blend of fauna in Indonesia is also affected by the diverse range of ecosystems, including beaches, sand dunes, estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs, sea grass beds, coastal mudflats, tidal flats, algal beds, and small island ecosystems.

Ecological issues have appeared in the nation due to the rapid industrialisation process and high population growth, resulting in lower priority level to preserve the ecosystems. The situation has worsened by illegal logging activity, in which resulting deforestation; while other problems, including high level of urbanisation, air pollution, garbage management and waste water services also contributing to the forest deterioration.

Although 45% of Indonesian region is still inhabited and covered by tropical forests, high growth of Indonesian population, with its industrialisation, has slowly affected the existence of fauna in Indonesia. Moreover, wildlife trade has also worsened the condition of Indonesia's charismatic fauna, including rhinoceross, orangutans, tigers, and certain species of amphibians.  Up to 95% of animals sold in markets are taken directly from the wild, rather than from captive breeding stock; and more than 20% of the animals died in transportation. As of 2003, The World Conservation Union lists as endangered 147 mammals, 114 birds, 91 fish and 2 invertebrate species.

Some of the richest habitats have been protected since the early 20th century under Dutch Colonial law. Indonesia's first national parks have been established in 1980, and the network has been rapidly growing since, reaching a total of 50 declared national parks in 2009. Six of these are also World Heritage Sites and 3 are wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar convention.